Synthesis and Secretion of TNF-alpha, Interleukins (1-beta and 6) in Cocaine Users during Pregnancy in Humans: In Vitro and Ex Vivo Study
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Preterm parturition is often preceded by systemic infection and cytokines are recognized as the principlemediators of a variety of immunologic and pathophysiologic events in infection. The study was designed toexamine whether cocaine affects synthesis and secretion of cytokines. Among the cytokines, tumor necrosisfactor (TNF-alpha and Interleukines (IL-1-beta and IL-6) were chosen because of their presumptive role in infection.For in vitro study, blood was obtained from mothers who were drug free (control); lymphocytes were isolatedand stimulated with lipopolysacchrides. The synthesis of TNF-alpha, IL-1-beta and IL-6 was examined in the presence of2.1-mu-M of cocaine. The data show that cocaine stimulated TNF-alpha synthesis (p<0.01) but had no effect on IL-1-beta and IL-6 synthesis.For in ex vivo study, cytokine levels were measured in fetal cord blood in cocaine users. The data were similar tothat found in vitro study.In cocaine users, cortisol blood level increased significantly in the fetal cord blood (p<0.01) but not in themother, however, in mothers with known infection (positive control), blood cortisol level increased significantlywithout similar effect in the fetus.The babies born to cocaine users were significantly of low birth weights (p<0.05) the incidence of pre -rupture ofmembranes (PPROM) increased significantly (p<0.001) in cocaine users.The data show that cocaine selectively increased TNF-alpha synthesis and secretion. Higher cortisol level in the fetalcord blood suggests that in cocaine users fetus is more susceptible to infection than the mother.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".