Spectra of liquid helium and hydrogen-doped liquid helium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Proton-beam irradiation, using the 3 MV accelerator at Guelph, has been successful in allowing us to study the emission spectra from liquid helium and hydrogen-doped liquid helium despite the fact that the beam penetrates the target a scant 0.5 mm. ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ emission lines can be observed from liquid samples following doping with small amounts of hydrogen into the helium gas before condensation. The line intensities are a sensitive function of the sample temperature, becoming strongest as the liquid approaches 4.2 K. The ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ lines themselves are much broader than those from ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}$ because the helium lines actually originate in small bubbles of helium gas trapped in the liquid, which is above the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point. The interesting fact is that electronic emission spectra from ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ are observed at all from liquid helium and a calculation of the widths and shifts of the spectral lines will be presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".