Spectra of liquid helium and hydrogen-doped liquid helium
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Proton-beam irradiation, using the 3 MV accelerator at Guelph, has been successful in allowing us to study the emission spectra from liquid helium and hydrogen-doped liquid helium despite the fact that the beam penetrates the target a scant 0.5 mm. ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ emission lines can be observed from liquid samples following doping with small amounts of hydrogen into the helium gas before condensation. The line intensities are a sensitive function of the sample temperature, becoming strongest as the liquid approaches 4.2 K. The ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ lines themselves are much broader than those from ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}$ because the helium lines actually originate in small bubbles of helium gas trapped in the liquid, which is above the $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ point. The interesting fact is that electronic emission spectra from ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ are observed at all from liquid helium and a calculation of the widths and shifts of the spectral lines will be presented.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".