Revised Diagnosis, Site of Development, and Lesions Due to<i>Myxobolus hyborhynchi</i>(Myxozoa) Parasitizing Fathead Minnow in Minnesota
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Myxobolus hyborhynchi Fantham, Porter, and Richardson, 1939 (Myxozoa) was found to parasitize fathead minnow Pimephales promelas in Minnesota. The parasite formed pseudocysts, primarily in the intraosseous spaces of spongy bone and the cartilage of the head, pectoral girdle, and caudal fin, as well as in perichondral and periosteal connective tissue. A single plasmodium was found in kidney tissue. The fixed spores were oval in frontal view, measured 11–12.5 μm long and 8–9.5 μm wide, and had a length:width ratio of 1:1.15 to 1:1.47. The spores had a distinct posterior mucous envelope; some had a small intercapsular appendix. The polar capsules were almost cylindrical, 5–6.5 μm long and 2.5–3.0 μm wide, with a short terminal end and 5–6 filament coils perpendicular to the capsule axis. Microscopic lesions in cartilage were identified in maxillary and mandibular articulations, gill arches, pectoral girdles, and caudal fins and consisted of focal necrosis, effacement, and replacement by the parasite. Mononuclear inflammatory cells were present in perichondral and periosteal connective tissue foci but were notably absent in areas of cartilage necrosis. Spores dispersed from pseudocysts into surrounding tissues. Small aggregates or isolated spores occurred throughout the pharyngeal mucosa, and intact spores were near the skin surface, a location from which they may be shed. The present study extends the geographic range of M. hyborhynchi from Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota and the host range to fathead minnow. The relationship of M. hyborhynchi to other bone-invading myxobolids described from North American freshwater fishes will require further comparative studies.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".