Evolution of Audiometric Pattern in Meniere’s Disease: Long-Term Survey of 380 Cases Evaluated According to the 1995 Guidelines of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Hearing loss in the early stages of Meniere's disease is characterized by a fluctuation in the audiometric pattern limited to the low frequencies, and then, during the disease's evolution, the hearing loss involves the medium and high frequencies. As far as the prevalence of different types of audiometric curves is concerned, there is no agreement among the various studies. The study of audiometric evolution in the course of the disease has been limited owing to the difficulties in following a relevant number of patients for a long period of time. The aim of the present study was to compare the auditory level and audiometric pattern evolution in a significant number of patients suffering from Meniere's disease who had undergone long-term follow-up (at least 10 years). METHODS: The study considered 380 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of Meniere's disease. The audiometric data were collected at the onset of the disease and after 5 and 10 years. Four patterns were considered: peak, rising, falling, and flat. Audiometric evolution analysis in four stages, defined by the guidelines of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, was evaluated. RESULTS: At the onset, in 190 cases, the audiometric pattern was a peak curve, with fluctuation of the threshold in 68% of cases. The mean threshold shift for the 500 to 3000 Hz range was between 26 and 40 dB. After 5 years, a peak type (41.9%) or a flat type (42.9%) was observed; the pure-tone average (PTA) ranged between 26 and 40 dB in 47.9% and between 41 and 70 dB in 51.8% of cases. After 10 years, in most cases (57.9%), a flat curve was observed, and the PTA in 100% ranged between 41 and 70 dB. CONCLUSION: The most common audiometric pattern at the onset of the disease is the peak type; long-term transformation of the initial audiometric pattern into a flat curve has been confirmed. High-frequency involvement seemed to be related more to Meniere's disease duration than to the influence of aging on hearing loss.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".