Function words of lexical bundles: The relation of frequency and reduction.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Studies of spontaneous speech have shown frequency effects on the amount of reduction produced by speakers, demonstrating that predictability facilitates production of a target word [Shi et al. (2005); Jurafsky et al. (2001); Bell et al. (2003)]. This paper investigates the amount of reduction produced in laboratory recorded speech and considers the effect of frequency on the duration of function words in four-word sequences. It is also found that the influence of frequency has an effect on holistically storing these bundles. An interaction between word position and the third-order transitional probability (ABC → D) has been established, indicating that greater third-order transitional probabilities predict shorter function word durations in the first and second positions of a bundle, and, therefore, involve more durational reduction. The current research shows that, just as frequency affects reduction in spontaneous speech, there is an effect in laboratory produced speech as well. These findings indicate that multiword sequences are stored as lexical units.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".