Capillary Instability of Liquid Jets Issuing From Elliptic Nozzles
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Breakup of a liquid jet issuing from an orifice is one of the classical problems in fluid dynamics due to its theoretical and practical importance. The main application of the process is in spray and droplet formation, which is of interest in the combustion in liquid-fuelled engines, ink-jet printers, coating systems, medical equipment, and irrigation device. The complexity of the breakup mechanism is due to the large number of parameters involved such as the design of injection nozzle, and thermodynamic states of both liquid and gas. In addition, different combinations of surface tension, inertia, and aerodynamic forces acting on the jet, define main breakup regimes. Effects of nozzle geometry on the behavior of liquid jets have been overlooked in the literature. Elliptic jets have never been investigated theoretically since mostly circular jets or liquid sheets have been analyzed; while experiments have shown that by using elliptical nozzles, entrainment and air mixing of fuel in combustion will be increased. In this article, instability of an elliptic liquid jet under the effect of inertia, viscous, and surface tension forces has been studied using temporal linear analyses. The effects of the gravity and the surrounding gas have been neglected. 1-D Cosserat equation (directed curve) has been used which can be considered as simplified form of Navier-Stokes equations. Results are comparable with classical Rayleigh mode of circular jet when the aspect ratio (ratio of major to minor axis) is one. Growth rate of instability on an elliptic liquid jet under various conditions has been compared with those of a circular jet. Results show that in comparison with a circular jet, the elliptic jet is more unstable and by increasing the aspect ratio the instability grows faster. In addition, similar to the circular case, the effect of viscosity is diminishing the growth rate for the elliptic jet.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".