Modelling the Behaviour of Ligaments: A Technical Note
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Experimental observations suggest that during a ligament tensile strain test, water and glycosaminoglycans are exuded. Many attempts have been tried to model this behaviour using continuum mechanics. We have investigated this unique behaviour and have established three mechanisms which may contribute to the experimental observations: the slackness of the fibres before stretching can lead to a decrease in volume upon straightening; a Poisson's ratio higher than 0.5 from the axial to the lateral direction (as recorded in the literature [Hewitt, J., Guilak, F., Glisson, R. and Parker Vail, T. (2001) "Regional material properties of the human hip joint capsule ligaments", Journal of Orthopaedic Research 19(3), 359-364]) due to the very high level of anisotropy of the tissue; and an osmotic pressure, with a certain level of anisotropy, that causes the swelling of the tissue before loading [Thornton, G.M., Shrive, N.G. and Frank, C.B. (2001) "Altering ligament water content affects ligament pre-stress and creep behaviour", Journal of Orthopaedic Research 19(5), 845-851]. There may be other mechanisms that also contribute in the observed fluid exudation on tensile loading.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".