Broadside coupling to long-range surface plasmons in metal stripes using prisms, particles, and an atomic force microscope probe
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Techniques for broadside coupling to long-range surface plasmon waves propagating along metal stripes are investigated. The baseline technique consists of evanescently coupling an optical input beam originating from a polarization maintaining fiber to the plasmon wave via a right-angle prism positioned above the metal stripe, and providing an optical output some distance away through a mirror arrangement of identical elements. The technique is modeled theoretically using plane waves and implemented to measure the attenuation of the long-range plasmon wave propagating along a metal stripe supported by a thin freestanding dielectric membrane. An alternative technique for providing an output is proposed, whereby a tipless atomic force microscope probe physically contacts the metal stripe to generate out-of-plane scattering and a multimode fiber positioned nearby is used to capture a portion of the scattered light. This technique is easier to implement than the baseline technique, resulting in attenuation measurements of significantly better quality. The goodness of fit of the best fitting linear models to the measurements was significantly improved using this technique (0.93 and 0.99), and the measured attenuations were in very good agreement with the theoretical ones (6.01% and 0.27% error). This simple technique for optical probing and coupling could be applied to other surface plasmon waveguides and possibly to dielectric waveguides with modes having sufficient field strength in their evanescent tail. Output scattering using micron-sized particles located on the metal stripe was also investigated. The stability of the experimental setup was assessed and found to be about 0.01 dB peak to peak over a few minutes at constant temperature using a reference optical signal.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".