Mechanisms Behind the Anti-inflammatory Actions of Insulin
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The epidemic of diabetes mellitus is worsening worldwide. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by inappropriate recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia. Numerous studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia, the most significant predictor of poor clinical outcome in diabetes mellitus patients, can directly promote an inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Although there are various causes of DM, all eventually lead to absolute or relative insulin deficiency and death of pancreatic β-cells. Thus, insulin inevitably becomes the primary medication used to treat the disease and prevent diabetic complications in all DM patients. Interestingly, an emerging body of evidence suggests that insulin suppresses the inflammatory process, not only through preventing hyperglycemia but also by modulating key inflammatory molecules. In this review, we discuss the findings of studies done in vitro as well as clinical trials that have demonstrated an anti-inflammatory action of insulin and that have pointed to mechanisms responsible for this effect. Further, we discuss how the anti-inflammatory action of insulin bears on our current understanding of the pathophysiology and complications of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".