Design Procedure for Tubular Lattice Towers for Small Wind Turbines
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Despite having been used for a long time, tubular lattice towers with three or four legs have not been systematically analysed for use with small wind turbines. We present a design procedure based on modelling the towers as either tripods or quadrapods to allow analytic approximations to the tower stresses. Following the IEC standard for small wind turbine design, the critical load occurs at the 50-year extreme wind speed acting on a stationary turbine and tower. To avoid buckling in the downwind leg, three separate methods of estimating the critical buckling resistance are shown to give very similar results. The analytic models also allow the tower-top deflection to be simply approximated. We use an arbitrary limit on deflection as 5% of the tower height, to ensure linear, static behaviour for extreme wind loads. Two example tower designs are considered: an 18 m tower for a 5 kW turbine and a 12 m tower for a 500 W turbine.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.003 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".