Relation between apolipoprotein E genotype, hepatitis b virus status, and thyroid status in a sample of older persons with down syndrome
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) is common in older persons with Down syndrome (DS). There are three common alleles of the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene (Sigma 2, Sigma 3, and Sigma 4) resulting in three different isoforms (E2, E3, and E4) and six different genotypes (2,2; 2,3; 2,4; 3,3; 3,4; and 4,4). Sigma 4 is a risk factor for DAT whereas Sigma 2 appears prophylactic. As hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and hypothyroidism also are common in DS, we evaluated associations between ApoE type, HBV status, and thyroid status in a sample of older persons with DS (n = 55; mean age, 44.3 +/- 10.8 years) using chi-squared analysis. Participants were classified as E2 (2,2 or 2,3), E3 (3,3), or E4 (3,4 or 4,4); positive for markers of HBV infection in the present or past (i.e., total HBcAb+ and/or HBsAg+ with or without infectivity, defined as HBV+) or negative for markers of HBV infection (defined as HBV-) and, currently receiving thyroid hormone supplement (defined as "hypothyroidism") or having normal thyroid function. The majority of the HBV+ were currently HBcAb+ and HBsAb+, but not HBsAg+. In females, there was an ApoE allele effect on thyroid status (P < or = 0.01), E2 being negatively (P < or = 0.01) and E4 being positively (P < or = 0.05) associated with "hypothyroidism". There was no evidence for an ApoE allele effect on thyroid status in males. There was no evidence for an ApoE allele effect on HBV status, or for an HBV status effect on thyroid status. As thyroid status can affect cognitive function, ApoE allele effects in DAT may, in part, be thyroid effects.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".