Field and laboratory biology of the stem‐feeding beetle <i>Thamnurgus euphorbiae</i> (Küster) (Col., Scolytidae) in Italy, a potential biological control candidate of leafy spurge in the USA and Canada
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract: Thamnurgus euphorbiae overwinters as adults in dry stems of Euphorbia characias until the end of March before exiting through circular holes cut with their mandibles. Females and males appeared in the field at the same time, and the first pairs were observed on 28 March on new stems of E. characias having the open‐flower at the beginning of its development. Throughout the rest of April it was possible to find and collect the fairly abundant adults. Mating occurs on new stems of the host plant and females walk up towards the top of the stem and start to mine the centre of it in order to penetrate. Oviposition occurs in new stems and eggs are laid singly along the interior of the stem; females laid 35–85 eggs. Upon hatching, larvae started feeding on vascular bundles and the inner cortex. There are three larval instars, and pupation occurred in the stem of the host plant; this insect is univoltine. Thamnurgus euphorbiae has been accepted by the Technical Advisory Group for Biological Control Agents of Weeds for release as a biological control agent of leafy spurge in the US. Prior to this study the biology of T. euphorbiae was unknown.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".