Les origines économiques et techniques de la nationalisation de l'électricité au Québec : l'expérience du régime mixte, de 1944 à 1963
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pendant près de vingt ans (1944-1963), des entreprises privées et publiques ont coexisté dans le secteur de l’industrie de l’électricité au Québec. Nous mettons ici en relation la montée en force d’une société d’État (Hydro-Québec), le recul du secteur privé, l’interconnexion des réseaux et la confirmation de la filière hydraulique comme source quasi unique d’énergie primaire pour la production d’électricité sur ce territoire. Nous tentons aussi de vérifier si le régime mixte a vraiment été une expérience de « compétition comparative ». Nous nous interrogeons enfin sur la portée du concept de « monopole naturel » dans le cas de l’évolution du secteur de l’électricité au Québec avant la seconde étatisation de 1963.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.008 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.007 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".