Response to overburden pressure of an HDPE pipe pulled in place by pipe bursting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Measurements of vertical and horizontal pipe deflections are reported for a high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe experiencing an increase in vertical pressure after being pulled in place using pipe bursting techniques. Three tests were conducted to measure the diameter change of a 165 mm outside diameter HDPE pipe after replacing an intact clay pipe with an external diameter of 184 mm backfilled with a poorly graded dense sand. A fourth test measured the response of the HDPE pipe after replacing an intact clay pipe with an external diameter of 128 mm. Variable pipe deflections were measured in each test, which depended on the interactions among the broken clay pipe fragments surrounding the HDPE pipe. The orientation of the clay fragments controls whether the increase in vertical pressure is transferred immediately to the HDPE pipe. In some cases, the fractured clay pipe produced a structural ring encasing the HDPE pipe, thus providing additional hoop strength. Two of the replacement tests did not record diameter changes until 100 kPa because of the interaction amongst the clay fragments. The upsize test and one replacement test recorded diameter changes from a vertical pressure of 20 kPa, because there were no interactions observed among the clay fragments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".