HMGB1 Levels Are Increased in Patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis, Correlate with Early Onset of Disease, and Are Independent of Disease Duration
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: High mobility group box chromosomal protein 1 (HMGB1) has been implicated as a mediator of inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), while its role in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) has not been described. To evaluate the role of HMGB1 in the inflammatory process in JIA and its potential as a therapeutic target, we investigated whether extracellular HMGB1 is detectable in JIA and if so, to correlate the levels with established inflammatory markers and clinical measures. METHODS: Matching samples of blood and synovial fluid (SF) were collected from 23 patients with JIA. Levels of HMGB1, soluble receptor for advanced glycation endproducts, S100A12, myeloid-related protein 8/14, and other inflammatory mediators were analyzed. RESULTS: Significantly increased HMGB1 levels were recorded in SF compared to blood samples from patients with JIA. The amount of HMGB1 was highest in patients with early disease onset irrespective of disease duration. In contrast, the proinflammatory S100 protein and interleukin 8 were highest in patients in early phases of disease. Matrix metalloproteinase-3, a marker of cartilage destruction, was higher in patients with late disease onset, indicating similarities with RA in that patient subgroup. CONCLUSION: Levels of extracellular HMGB1 are increased in the inflamed joints of patients with JIA. This warrants further studies of HMGB1 as a mediator of JIA pathogenesis as well as a biomarker for inflammatory activity and as a target for therapy. The variation in levels of HMGB1 and S100 proteins in relation to disease onset indicates a difference in inflammatory phenotype during disease progression.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".