Canada’s role in the foreign aid programmes to the developping nations : a geographical appraisal
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This article shows first of all the importance of geographic studies of the foreign aid programmes as necessary adjuncts to the analysis of trade flows between industrial-ised and less-developed countries. Secondly, it deals briefly with the total volume of bilateral and multilateral external aid in the world and ranks Canada among the first fifteen donor countries. Finally, it emphasizes the evolution of the spatial distribution of Canada's bilateral external aid programme. Beginning as an integral part of the Colombo Plan in 1950, this programme was extended to the other Commonwealth countries in 1958 (Caribbean) and 1960 (Africa). Only in 1961 did it go beyond the Commonwealth framework due to Canada's bilingual and bicultural character (aid to French-speaking Africa) and to its location in the Western Hemisphere (aid to Latin American, beginning in 1964). The article concludes by stressing the need for further studies in this field, at a time when Canada seems to indicate willingness to intensity its external aid commitments.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.006 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.017 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.004 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".