High-speed backup scheme for zone 2 of non-pilot distance relays
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Distance relays use time-stepped protection zones for coordination purposes. The time delay introduced by zone 2 relays limits the use of these devices for extra high voltage (EHV) applications, since the fast fault clearance requirement is not achieved. Normally, transmission lines are protected by means of intercommunicated protection schemes making use of a dedicated channel in order to overcome that delay; however, this channel is also prone to failure. Hence, it could be really advantageous to provide the line with fast protection coverage without making use of communication channels if a secure enough protection algorithm were developed for this specific purpose. An algorithm that is able to detect remote breaker operation and thus to accelerate the time-delayed zone 2 trip of local relay by monitoring changes in two proposed signals is presented. The algorithm performs adequately in two- and three-terminal lines as it is shown by computer simulation results. It is proposed that this algorithm can be used as a fast backup scheme to protect transmission lines in case main communication channel degrades, fails or is not available.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".