Tissue Mineral Concentrations Are Profoundly Altered in Neonatal Piglets Fed Identical Diets via Gastric, Central Venous, or Portal Venous Routes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Because gut absorption and liver sequestration are major mechanisms of mineral homeostasis, intestinal and hepatic bypass with parenteral feeding can lead to mineral toxicities. We employed a piglet model with multiple feeding routes to identify target organs susceptible to abnormal accumulation of minerals and to determine the importance of intestinal or hepatic metabolism. METHODS: Fifteen 2- to 4-day-old piglets were fed identical complete elemental diets continuously for 8 days via central venous (intravenous [IV]), gastric (intragastric [IG]), or portal (intraportal [IP]) catheters. Concentrations of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, zinc, copper, iron, manganese, sodium, potassium, and chloride were measured in small intestinal mucosa, liver, kidney, and femur. RESULTS: Compared with IG-fed piglets, mineral sequestration patterns in IV- and IP-fed piglets can be attributed to bypass of intestinal absorption inefficiencies, with moderate accumulations of minerals in tissues involved in mineral homeostasis. However, differences between IP and IV feeding were notable for iron, manganese, and copper, suggesting first-pass hepatic metabolism is key to homeostasis of these minerals. Moreover, manganese and copper sequestration patterns reflected that for zinc, suggesting induction of metallothionein by parenteral zinc could interfere with metabolism of other minerals. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that parenteral delivery of minerals to neonates needs to consider not only absorption efficiency but also mineral interactions and potentially toxic accumulation in target tissues, with particular concern for iron, copper, and zinc.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".