Profile of exosomes related proteins released by differentiated and undifferentiated human keratinocytes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Our group has previously demonstrated the capacity of human keratinocytes to release 14-3-3sigma into conditioned medium through the mechanism of exosome externalization. In this study the release of other proteins through the same mechanism and the differences in the profiles of 14-3-3 proteins between differentiated (diff-K) and undifferentiated keratinocytes (undiff-K) were investigated. The stimulatory effect of other 14-3-3 isoforms on the expression of MMP-1 in dermal fibroblasts was also evaluated. Exosomes isolated from undiff-K (low Ca(2+)) and diff-K (high Ca(2+)) were subjected to proteomic and Western blot analysis. The results showed that more than 50 different cytoplasmic proteins including all seven 14-3-3 protein isoforms (beta, sigma, eta, epsilon, tau, zeta, and gamma) were released from diff-K through the mechanism of exosome externalization. However, in exosomes of undiff-K only four of the 14-3-3 protein isoforms (beta, eta, zeta, and gamma) were detected. Ca(2+) treatment increased the release of exosomes from undiff-K by at least two times relative to the control. Consistent with this finding, the stimulatory effect of exosomes containing 14-3-3sigma from diff-K had higher MMP-1 stimulatory effect in fibroblasts relative to those exosomes isolated from undiff-K. MMP-1 stimulatory effect of recombinant 14-3-3beta and eta, tested in this study, in dermal fibroblasts, suggests additional anti-fibrogenic factors other than 14-3-3sigma. In conclusion, keratinocytes release many proteins through the mechanism of exosome externalization from which some such as 14-3-3 isoforms may function as extracellular matrix (ECM) modulating factors for dermal fibroblasts. These findings revealed the presence of a novel mechanism by which keratinocytes can potentially interact with fibroblasts.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".