Integrated optical circuits in fiber cladding by tightly focused femtosecond laser writing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Femtosecond laser direct writing in glass materials represents a simple single-step approach to generate threedimensional (3D) optical circuits that cannot be constructed with traditional fabrication techniques. In this paper, we present an attractive extension of such femtosecond laser processing to the writing of optical circuits directly inside the cladding of single-mode optical fiber. To enable the formation of strongly guided and undistorted waveguide modes within the small cylindrical fused silica volume (125 μm diameter), frequency-doubled (λ = 522 nm) Ytterbium fiber-amplified femtosecond laser light at high repetition rate (500 kHz) was tightly focused with a high 1.25 numerical aperture (NA) oil immersion lens. In this way, low-loss waveguides could be arbitrarily located in various cladding positions without generating ablation damage. Basic components such as directional couplers were demonstrated that present a new means for dense integration of optical elements that couple with the nearby fiber core. Such 3D all-fiber optical circuits represent practical tools to bypass tedious assembly and packaging steps such as fiber pigtailing with planar lightwave components. This formation of optical circuits directly within the cladding of optical fiber opens new prospects for manufacturing compact and functional optical and optofluidic microsystems for Telecom, sensing and lab-on-a fiber applications.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".