Simultaneous assessment of bone thickness and velocity for ultrasonic computed tomography using transmission-echo method
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
The robustness and accuracy of the transmission-echo (TE) method is investigated on simultaneous thickness and velocity estimation of double-layered thin bone samples. Twenty-two pairs of bovine cortical samples were assembled and measured by two pairs of immersion transducers with nominal frequencies of 1MHz and 2.25MHz. For each measurement, the TOF of six pulses contained by one transmission and two echo signals were detected and then used for the calculation. The mean relative errors of effective samples for 1MHz and 2.25MHz transducers are 4.87% and 7.13% on cortical thickness estimation, and 4.65% and 5.88% on velocity assessment, respectively. For both thickness and velocity measurement, the experiments in low frequency provide more accurate estimations, and the velocity measurement shows more stability. It is demonstrated that the TE method has the potential to simultaneously estimate the cortical thickness and ultrasonic wave velocity for the mimic model of long bones.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it