Bibliographic record
Abstract
A review is given of measurements involving the K-shell (np → 1s) transitions of hydrogenlike ions. In many experiments carried out, for example, on electron-beam ion traps and tokamaks, the calculated energies of the Lyman-series lines are utilized as calibration standards for measuring the energies of lines from more complex ions. Examples given include measurements of the transition energies of L-shell lines in neonlike ions. The Lyman lines of low-Z ions are also used as a bootstrap for measuring the contributions of quantum electrodynamics (QED) in very high-Z ions, such as U 81+ and U 89+ . The lowest energy member of the Lyman series, Lyman-α, is commonly the target of absolute-energy measurements so as to test the reliability of the calculations of atomic structure in general and of the 1s QED terms in particular. A review of 42 measurements of 1s QED measurements indicates an apparent bias toward wanting to agree with calculations.PACS Nos.: 32.30.Rj, 31.30.Jv, 12.20.–m
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".