Formation of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-quinones during the gas phase reactions of PAHs with the OH radical in the atmosphere
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Environmental context Atmospheric quinones present a potential toxic risk to human health because of their involvement in the generation of reactive oxygen species. Gas phase reactions of naphthalene and phenanthrene with the OH radical are investigated in a laboratory reaction chamber to provide a preliminary assessment of the importance of the atmospheric formation of quinones. Abstract In light of the potential toxicity of quinones (QNs) to human health, previous studies carried out measurement of QNs in ambient air samples and from motor vehicle emissions to understand the characteristics and the sources of QNs in the atmosphere. The major compounds observed in the ambient air samples comprised two and three benzene rings and included polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)-quinones (PAH-QNs) such as 1,2-naphthoquinone (1,2-NQ), 1,4-naphthoquinone (1,4-NQ), 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ) and 9,10-anthraquinone (9,10-AQ). Although these PAH-QNs are found in vehicular emissions, they may also be formed by the photochemical reactions of gas phase PAHs with atmospheric oxidants. In this study, to allow an assessment of the importance of the atmospheric formation of PAH-QNs and to understand more clearly the sources of PAH-QNs in the atmosphere, the formation yields of PAH-QNs from the gas phase reactions of naphthalene and phenanthrene with the OH radical were observed in a laboratory reaction chamber. In addition, the phase distribution of the PAH-QNs was determined. For naphthoquinones (NQs), the formation yields of 1,4-NQ and 1,2-NQ were 1.5 ± 0.4 and 5.1 ± 2.7 % respectively. The measured yields of PQs were 3.6 ± 0.8 % for 9,10-PQ and 2.7 ± 1.1 % for 1,4-PQ. From the measured yield data, the atmospheric formation of PAH-QNs was estimated and the importance of the atmospheric formation of PAH-QNs from the gas phase reaction of PAHs with the OH radical is discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".