Ultrastructural effects of infection caused by<i>Tobacco rattle virus</i>transmitted by<i>Trichodorus primitivus</i>in potato and tobacco tissues
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tobacco rattle virus (TRV), genus Tobravirus, is able to infect a broad range of plant species, possesses worldwide distribution and naturally infects a very large number of cultivated as well as ornamental plants. Members of the plant ectoparasitic nematode genera Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus transmit TRV in a semi-persistent way in a non-replicative process, where virus particles are transferred to the host plant through vector feeding on root epidermal and root hair cells. Our investigations concentrated on ultrastructural and anatomical effects of TRV strain PSG infection in situ following introduction into potato and tobacco tissues by Trichodorus primitivus. Our anatomical observations indicated necrotic changes of rhizodermis and cell wall deformations in primary cortex parenchyma and external phloem layers as a consequence of the interactions between Trichodorus–TRV–host plants. Ultrastructural analyses revealed TRV particles in rhizodermis, cortex and vascular roots of potato and tobacco tissues. These results indicate that TRV strain PSG was transferred into roots and also transported from cell to cell in all root tissues. Complete TRV PSG particles of two lengths were documented in companion cells, phloem fibre and parenchyma, as well as for the first time in immature and mature xylem tracheary elements and xylem parenchyma. Our findings suggested that TRV was systemically transported from the place of direct transfer by the vector to above-ground plant organs (especially leaves). The presence of TRV PSG particles in mesophyll and vascular leaf tissues confirmed our thesis. Moreover, we concluded that TRV systemic movement occurred not only in the phloem, but especially in the xylem, because virus particles were more frequently observed in xylem parenchyma and xylem tracheary elements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".