Disorders of sexual differentiation: II. Diagnosis and treatment
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To provide a review and summary of recent advances in the diagnosis and management of disorder(s) of sexual differentiation (DSD), an area that has developed over recent years with implications for the management of children with DSD; and to assess the refinements in the surgical techniques used for genital reconstruction. METHODS: Recent publications (in the previous 10 years) were identified using PubMed, as were relevant previous studies, using following keywords; 'diagnosis and management', 'ambiguous genitalia', 'intersex', 'disorders of sexual differentiation', 'genitogram', 'endocrine assessment', 'gender assignment', 'genitoplasty', and 'urogenital sinus'. The findings were reviewed. RESULTS: Arbitrary criteria have been developed to select patients likely to have DSD. Unnecessary tests, especially those that require anaesthesia or are associated with radiation exposure, should be limited to situations where a specific question needs to be answered. Laparoscopy is an important diagnostic tool in selected patients. The routine use of multidisciplinary diagnostic and expert surgical teams has become standard. Full disclosure of different therapeutic approaches and their timing is recommended. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic tests should be tailored according to the available information. Parents and/or patients should be made aware of the paucity of well-designed studies, as these conditions are rare. Unnecessary irreversible surgery should be postponed until a multidisciplinary experienced team, with the parents' and or patients' approval, can make a well-judged decision.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it