Relations between Deprivation and Immigrant Groups in Large Canadian Cities
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the co-existence of social polarisation and unprecedented immigration during recent years in major Canadian cities, this paper examines relationships between urban deprivation and the immigrant population in 1991, compared with 1971, the end of the era of the 'old' migration. Census tracts in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver that experienced multiple deprivation are identified. Only two tracts in all three cities displayed the full set of indicators in 1991, and none in 1971. Indicators neither overlap, nor are as spatially contained, nor are as stable over time as has been true for cities in the US. Like northern Europe, there is evidence of a suburbanisation of deprivation, linked in particular to the diffusion of state-subsidised housing, especially in Toronto. In addition, and also like Europe, there are positive relationships with immigrant populations. But these relations are modest, and affect primarily recent arrivals and non-English-speaking groups. The implications of immigration are complex, because immigrants themselves are highly heterogeneous. Moreover, a longitudinal model of socio-spatial mobility rather than socio-spatial entrapment remained the dominant immigrant experience in Canadian cities.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it