Relations between Deprivation and Immigrant Groups in Large Canadian Cities
Bibliographic record
Abstract
With the co-existence of social polarisation and unprecedented immigration during recent years in major Canadian cities, this paper examines relationships between urban deprivation and the immigrant population in 1991, compared with 1971, the end of the era of the 'old' migration. Census tracts in Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver that experienced multiple deprivation are identified. Only two tracts in all three cities displayed the full set of indicators in 1991, and none in 1971. Indicators neither overlap, nor are as spatially contained, nor are as stable over time as has been true for cities in the US. Like northern Europe, there is evidence of a suburbanisation of deprivation, linked in particular to the diffusion of state-subsidised housing, especially in Toronto. In addition, and also like Europe, there are positive relationships with immigrant populations. But these relations are modest, and affect primarily recent arrivals and non-English-speaking groups. The implications of immigration are complex, because immigrants themselves are highly heterogeneous. Moreover, a longitudinal model of socio-spatial mobility rather than socio-spatial entrapment remained the dominant immigrant experience in Canadian cities.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.004 | 0.008 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".