Rotating and thermocapillary-buoyancy-driven flow in a cylindrical enclosure with a partly free surface
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In order to understand the characteristics of the complex flow driven by the combined thermocapillary-buoyancy effect and differential rotation of a cylindrical pool and a disk on the free surface, a series of unsteady three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed. Results indicate that the flow is axisymmetric and steady at a small temperature difference and low rotation rates. The basic meridional flow structures are composed of toroidal circulations. With an increase of the rotation rate and/or temperature difference, the basic flow transits to a three-dimensional oscillatory flow. Without rotation, the unstable thermocapillary-buoyancy flow is characterized by pulsating spoke patterns with the periodic growth and decay of temperature and velocity oscillations. When the disk and/or cylinder rotate, the oscillatory flow behaves as temperature and velocity fluctuation waves traveling in the azimuthal direction. The wave propagation velocity and direction, fluctuation amplitude, and wave number depend on the interaction of the thermocapillary, buoyancy, centrifugal and Coriolis forces. The critical conditions for the flow transition are determined. It is found that the critical thermocapillary Reynolds number initially increases before decreasing with the increase of the disk rotation rate, but the rotation of cylinder always retards the flow instability. In addition, the mechanisms of the flow instabilities are discussed and briefly summarized.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".