Microscopic Observations and Ion Beam Analyses of Pigment Distribution in Painting Glazes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Painting glazes, which are coloured translucent layers used in oil paintings, show evidence of pigment migration upon examination of cross sections with optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The present work deals with the use of two complementary accelerator-based analytical techniques, Particle Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Rutherford Back-scattering Spectrometry (RBS), to tentatively reveal such a phenomenon in a non destructive way on experimental glazes. These glazes were prepared by successive addition of layers of emerald green pigment dispersed in a linseed oil medium and having the same pigment content. They were then analysed by PIXE and RBS to provide respectively the bulk elemental composition and the depth distribution on the same spot. It is shown that the pigment concentration at the surface increases with the number of layers up to a saturation value, thus revealing the pigment migration toward the surface.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".