Dielectric properties estimation of normal and malignant skin tissues at millimeter-wave frequencies using effective medium theory
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Millimeter-wave reflectometry can be used as a non-invasive method for early detection of skin cancers. Less penetration and higher resolution are only some reasons to use mm-waves for skin cancer diagnosis. The dielectric parameters data of human skin at mm-wave frequencies are not widely addressed in the literature due to the expensive instruments and the complicated structure of human skin. Available dielectric properties of cancerous tissues in the literature are for other tissues rather than skin and are restricted to the frequencies below 20 GHz. In this paper, dielectric properties of healthy and malignant skin tissues were estimated in the range of 20-100 GHz by applying the effective medium theory. A stratified skin model and some skin tumors were presented. The possibility of mm-wave reflectometry for detection of skin cancers has also been studied. The results of this paper can be used as a theoretical basis for taking further steps in skin cancer research.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".