Assessment of the hydraulic characteristics of unsaturated base-course materials: a practical method for pavement engineers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the results of a comprehensive laboratory investigation program on the influence of the properties of fines particles on the hydraulic characteristics of granular base-courses. The soil-water characteristic curve and the hydraulic conductivity were determined for three types of well-graded crushed aggregates (granite, limestone, and schist) with different amounts of fines (3.512.5%). A porosity model that considers the uniform dispersion of fines is proposed for well-graded material. Empirical relationships have been developed between the hydraulic parameters (i.e., the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the air entry value, the pore-size distribution index, the fines fraction porosity) and their specific surface area. A methodology is proposed for the assessment of the saturated and unsaturated hydraulic characteristics of base-course materials.Key words: pavement, drainage, base-course, fines, soil-water characteristic curve, hydraulic conductivity.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".