Measurement of Patient Skin Dose in Vertebroplasty Using Radiochromic Dosimetry Film
Bibliographic record
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN: We studied the radiation doses to which patients were exposed during 17 vertebroplasty operations. OBJECTIVE: The radiation doses during vertebroplasty were measured to determine maximum skin dose (MSD), a measure of the likelihood of radiation-induced skin effects. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Vertebroplasty is performed with use of fluoroscopic guidance for needle placement and to monitor bone cement injection. This procedure requires relatively long duration of fluoroscopic guidance, and so, it demands dose measurements for patients. METHODS: From May 2006 to April 2008, 16 patients (7 men and 9 women; mean age 70.19 years, range 30-87 years) underwent a total of 17 vertebroplasty procedures. Total dose-area product (DAP), duration of fluoroscopy, and the parameters for anteroposterior (AP) and lateral (LAT) fluoroscopic and fluorography projections were recorded for each procedure. Gafchromic films were placed on the patients' skin to measure entrance surface dose and to evaluate the MSD. RESULTS: The MSD and DAP were higher in the LAT plane than in the AP plane. These results were expected because the fluoroscopy time was longer, and the number of fluorography runs was higher in the LAT plane than in the AP plane.The MSD values for the AP plane ranged between 0.184 Gy and 1.834 Gy, whereas those for the LAT plane ranged between 0.417 Gy and 2.362 Gy. The frequency distribution of values for both planes showed that most MSD values were in the range of 0 to 0.5 Gy and 0.5 to 1 Gy for the AP plane and 0.5 to 1 Gy and 1 to 1.5 Gy for the LAT plane. There was great variability in the MSD at each value for the parameters among individual instances. CONCLUSION: When evaluating the MSD to a patient, a distinction should be made between AP and LAT projections, because an overall mean MSD value underestimates the contribution of x-ray absorption on the LAT plane. The use of radiochromic films to estimate radiation damage to the skin has been shown to have the limitation of relying on DAP values only.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".