Salt Separation by Charged Gel-Filled Microporous Membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A series of membranes composed of a microporous polypropylene substrate filled with a polyelectrolyte gel of poly( N -benzyl-4-vinylpyridinium chloride) of different gel polymer volume fractions has been used to study a pressure-driven separation of mono-monovalent salts from aqueous solutions. The experimental results are compared with that obtained from theoretical calculations based on the Teorell−Meyer−Sievers model of charged membranes combined with the Manning−Oosawa counterion condensation theory being used to estimate the membranes effective charge density. For counterions of low specific binding to the polyelectrolyte such as chloride and fluoride, the theoretical predictions were found to be in a good agreement with the experiment over a wide range of the gel polymer volume fractions. For strong binding counterions such as iodide, the separation is substantially lower than that predicted and is accompanied by an almost 3-fold increase in flux suggesting a microphase separation in the gel. The implications of this study on the design of gel-filled membranes are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".