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Popper and Production: Testing Parametric Restrictions in Systems under Nonstationarity

2000· article· en· W1978481674 on OpenAlexaffvenueabout
J. Stephen Clark, K. Gary Grant

Bibliographic record

VenueCanadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue canadienne d agroeconomie · 2000
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldEconomics, Econometrics and Finance
TopicEconomics of Agriculture and Food Markets
Canadian institutionsNova Scotia Department of Agriculture
Fundersnot available
KeywordsHomogeneity (statistics)MathematicsStatisticParametric statisticsEconometricsStatisticsApplied mathematics

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

This study tests symmetry and homogeneity restrictions on a system of factor demand equations for central and western Canadian agriculture under the assumption that the variables are integrated processes and the demands represent cointegrating relationships. It is well known that the distribution of F‐statistics derived from ordinary least squares estimates in such systems are not distributed as the ratio of two independent χ2 random variables normalized by their degrees of freedom even asymptotically. Indeed, the use of traditional critical values of F‐statistics in such cases will severely underestimate the true critical values and therefore use of traditional critical values would tend to overreject symmetry and homogeneity restrictions. Bootstrapping techniques are employed to generate the true distribution of the F‐statistic so that the proper critical values can be compared with the calculated F‐statistic on symmetry and homogeneity. For both regions, the calculated F‐statistic is not rejected using the proper critical values but would have been strongly rejected using standard critical values. Results are consistent with the argument that the regularity of rejection of the parametric restrictions of symmetry and homogeneity found by Fox and Kivanda may be due to inappropriate assumptions regarding the time series properties of the data rather than a rejection of neoclassical production theory. This interpretation is consistent with arguments made by Clark and Coyle in their comments on Fox and Kivanda. Nous testons les constraintes de symétrie et d'homogénéité sur un système d'équations de demande de facteurs de production pour le secteur agricole du centre et de I‘ouest du Canada, en postulant que les variables sont des processus intégrés et que les demandes représentent des rapports cointegrants. Il est admis que dans des systèmes de ce genre les valeurs F dérivées des calculs des carrés latins ordinaires ne sont pas distribués comme le rapport de deux variables aléatoires χ2 indépendantes normalisées par leur degré de liberté, me soit ‐ce que de façon asymptotique. De fait, l'emploi, dans pareil cas, des valeurs critiques classiques de l'analyse statistique basée sur F comporte une grave sous‐estimation des vraies valeurs critiques, de sorte qu‘il risque de sur‐rejeter les constraintes de symétrie et d'homogénéité. Les techniques de rééchantillonnage bootstrap sont utilisées pour produire la vraie distribution des valeurs F, de telle sorte que les valeurs critiques convenables puissent être comparées aux valeurs F calculées, quant à la symétrie et à l'homogénéité. Pour les deux régions mentionnées plus haul, les valeurs F calculées ne sont pas rejetées lorsqu‘on utilise les valeurs critiques appropriées, mais elles le seraient fortement si on utilisait les valeurs critiques standards. Les résultats s‘accordent avec l‘hypothèse selon laquelle la régularité du rejet des restrictions paramétriques de symétrie et d'homogénéite observée par Fox et Kivanda s'expliquerait par des postulats erronés relatifs aux propriétés des séries chronologiques de données plutôt que par un rejet de la théorie de production néoclassique. Cette interpretation est cohérente avec les arguments avancés par Clark et Coyle dans leurs commentaires sur les conclusions de Fox et Kivanda.

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How this classification was reachedexpand

Full frame machine prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.028
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.149
Version: metacan-v3-hybrid-931329e0061cValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesnone
Consensus categoriesnone
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: Empirical
Teacher disagreement score0.028
Threshold uncertainty score0.149

Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0280.149
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0010.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0010.002
Bibliometrics0.0010.002
Science and technology studies0.0010.004
Scholarly communication0.0020.003
Open science0.0010.002
Research integrity0.0010.001
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0030.000

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.042
GPT teacher head0.164
Teacher spread0.122 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it

Classification

machine, unvalidated

Machine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.

The models applied no category: nothing in the taxonomy fit this work.
Study designTheoretical or conceptual
Domainnot available
GenreEmpirical

How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".

Quick stats

Citations6
Published2000
Admission routes3
Has abstractyes

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