Differential distribution of glutamylated tubulin isoforms along the sea urchin sperm axoneme
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Tubulin belongs to a highly conserved multigenic family, in which several gene products usually coexist in the same tissue or the same cell. Moreover, seven classes of post-translational modifications of these gene products lead to an amazing diversity of tubulin polypeptide chains, within the same cell type, whose physiological function remains elusive. Such diversity has been found in a very stable microtubular organelle, the sea urchin sperm flagellum, where some tubulin isoforms have been directly implicated in motility, whereas others may play a more structural role. In particular, polyglutamylated tubulin has been shown to be crucial for motility (Gagnon et al., 1996: J Cell Sci 109:1545 p). Here, we show with the GT335 antibody that polyglutamylated tubulin is distributed according to a decreasing gradient along the sea urchin sperm axoneme, since a semi-quantitative measurement of immunofluorescence intensity reveals that in its proximal half, the axoneme is sixfold more labeled than in its distal half. This gradient along the length of the axoneme is confirmed by immunogold labeling procedures which, in addition, demonstrate a uniform distribution of polyglutamylated tubulin among peripheral doublets and a lesser content in the central pair within a same section. Moreover, our data obtained with B3, an antibody that recognizes both mono- and poly-glutamylated tubulin, suggest that the number of glutamate residues in the lateral poly-glutamyl chain of tubulin varies along the whole length of the axoneme. These novel results coupled with those published earlier may be important to understand the role of polyglutamylation in flagellar motility.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it