Solution Properties of Phosphorylcholine-Based Hydrophobically Modified Polybetaines in Water and Mixed Solvents
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Fluorescently labeled amphiphilic polybetaines have been prepared, and their dilute solution properties in water, chloroform, methanol, and mixed organic solvents have been investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and 1 H NMR spectroscopy. The copolymer chains consisted of N -isopropylacrylamide and N -phosphorylcholine- N ‘-ethylenedioxybis(ethyl)acrylamide units in ∼1/1 molar ratio, as well as from 3 to 10 mol % hydrophobic units, such as N - n -(octadecyl)acrylamide, N -(1 H,1 H -perfluoro- n -octyl)acrylamide, or N- [(1-pyrenyl)-4-butyl]- N - (n -octadecyl)acrylamide. In water, the polybetaines associate in multichain aggregates ranging in size from 170 to 220 nm. The assembly of the polymers in water is triggered by two cumulative effects: (1) hydrophobic interactions between the hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon chains and (2) ion pair formation between the phosphorylcholine groups. The polymers do not associate in methanol, but chain aggregation occurs in chloroform, where the phosphorylcholine groups form clusters stabilized by water structuration around these highly polar groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".