Rotational study of carbon monoxide isotopologues in small 4He clusters
Bibliographic record
Abstract
High resolution microwave (a-type) and millimetre-wave (b-type) spectra of He(N)-(13)C(16)O, He(N)-(12)C(18)O, and He(N)-(13)C(18)O clusters (N<or= 10) were observed, significantly extending the initial spectroscopic observations on He(N)-(12)C(16)O by Surin et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett., 2008, 101, 233401]. The frequencies of the a-type series, which evolves from the end-over-end rotation of the dimer, decrease from N = 1 to 3, then increase smoothly to at least N = 9. This turnaround indicates a rapid evolution of the solvation character from classical to quantum. The b-type series, which evolves from the free molecule rotation of CO, increases from N = 0 to 6 and then decreases to at least N = 10. This is consistent with an initially increasing anisotropy of the helium environment, followed by a tendency of the solvation shell to become more isotropic. The shift of the vibrational frequency of CO as determined from the infrared [A. R. W. McKellar, J. Chem. Phys., 2004, 121, 6868; ibid., 2006, 125, 164328] and microwave data reveals an approximately linear decrease from N = 1 to at least 9. If the linear shift were to continue until completion of the first solvation shell (N approximately 14), the estimated helium nanodroplet shift will be well undershot [K. von Haeften, S. Rudolph, I. Simanovski, M. Havenith, R. E. Zillich and K. B. Whaley, Phys. Rev. B: Condens. Matter Mater. Phys., 2006, 73, 054502]. In this case, there must be an upturn in the vibrational shift beyond N = 14, which is not predicted by theory [T. Skrbić, S. Moroni and S. Baroni, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2007, 111, 7640]. By extrapolating the a-type series to N = 14 (assuming a linear vibrational shift), we estimate the rotational constant, B, of CO in the helium nanodroplet to be approximately 74% of its gas phase value. This is in reasonable agreement with simulations (76% at N = 14), which predict the limiting value to be approximately reached upon completion of the first solvation shell (73% at N = 100) [T. Skrbić, S. Moroni and S. Baroni, J. Phys. Chem. A, 2007, 111, 7640]. However, this value is significantly larger than that inferred from helium nanodroplet experiments (63%).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".