Characterization of Nanostructure of Stimuli-Responsive Polymeric Composite Membranes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism of stimuli-responsive permeability and to optimize the design, the nanostructure of polymeric composite membranes, developed in our laboratory, was characterized. The membranes were prepared to contain various amounts of stimuli-responsive nanoparticles of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methacrylic acid), with or without polyelectrolyte coating. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used respectively to examine the morphology and surface chemical composition, whereas atomic force microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy were employed to characterize the in situ surface and internal structure of the membranes in aqueous media of various pHs. The porous structure was evidenced in the presence of the nanoparticles. The surface content of the nanoparticles increased with increasing particle concentration while the polyelectrolyte coating was nearly undetectable. AFM images revealed that the particles in the membranes shrank with a concomitant increase in pore size as the buffer pH decreased. LSCM results indicated that particles were distributed through the membrane as interconnected clusters.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".