Pushing the Limits: HT Carbonate Acidizing
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The Mexico South Region produces more than 520, 000 bopdl from mature carbonate reservoirs. These reservoirs have widely varying reservoir pressures, presence of natural fractures and temperatures up to 350 degF. The extremely high temperatures makes even more challenging the stimulation process with conventional systems resulting in excessive corrosion and very inefficient wormholing. An innovative solution, considering a chelating agent as treating fluid, has proved to be an effective approach to stimulate these reservoirs. The post treatment production in two different wells showed outstanding results with higher rates than previous treatments and the trend of the production declination was smoothed. This new stimulation solution aided with a good candidate selection has led it to be the preferred solution for HT wells. Well A was treated with 15.0 m3 of the fluid based on chelating agents as main system, with a solvent preflush and overflush. Previous to this job two stimulation treatments were performed pumping a mixture of conventional acid systems. In both occasions the production increased, however, the production declined to pre-treatment rates in a matter of days. When treated with the new solution the production increased 254 bpd with almost no decrease with time (monitored for three months), indicating a more efficient stimulation treatment, and greatly improved on the economical indicators. Well B was stimulated with 20.0 m3 of chelating agent fluid after three previous attempts using conventional systems. The production increased 726 bpd. Post-treatment behavior was the same as well A. Wells A and B showed an increased production of 1.7 KBD with a very limited production declination because of more efficient wormhole creation due to retarded reaction rates allowing a wide contact with the reservoir thus improving production performance, Np and eliminating post-treatment neutralization and testing surface equipment requirements.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".