Necrotizing Enterocolitis: Assessment of Bowel Viability with Color Doppler US
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: To determine whether absence of bowel wall perfusion at color Doppler ultrasonography (US) is indicative of bowel necrosis in neonates with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was approved by the research ethics board, and informed consent was obtained. Sixty-two neonates enrolled in the prospective study underwent US of the bowel wall. Neonates were divided into two groups. Group A included 30 control subjects with gestational ages (GAs) ranging from 24 to 41 weeks. Group B included 32 neonates with GAs ranging from 24 to 40 weeks who were clinically proved to have or suspected of having NEC. All neonates in group B underwent abdominal radiography. Normative values were calculated in group A. In group B, the sensitivities and specificities of color Doppler US and abdominal radiography for detection of bowel necrosis were computed by using the modified Bell staging criteria for NEC as the reference standard. RESULTS: Two neonates were excluded from group B; thus, a total of 60 neonates were included in the study. In group A, bowel wall thickness ranged from 1.1 to 2.6 mm. Bowel wall perfusion was detected with color Doppler US in all 30 neonates. Color Doppler signals ranged from one to nine dots per square centimeter. Twenty-two of 30 neonates in group B received a diagnosis of NEC. Mild to moderate NEC was diagnosed in 12 neonates. Color Doppler US depicted an isolated segment of bowel-absent blood flow in two neonates; this finding was confirmed with laparotomy. In 10 neonates with severe NEC, color Doppler US depicted isolated or multiple segments of bowel with absent perfusion. Pneumoperitoneum was present in only four neonates. The remaining eight neonates at risk for NEC had no evidence of loops without perfusion at color Doppler US. The sensitivity of free air at abdominal radiography as a positive sign for severe NEC with necrotic bowel was 40% compared with the 100% sensitivity of absence of flow at color Doppler US (P = .03). CONCLUSION: Color Doppler US is more accurate than abdominal radiography in depicting bowel necrosis in NEC.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it