Gyrophase‐restricted 100 keV–2 MeV ion beams near the foreshock boundary
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report on gyrophase‐restricted ion beams with energies extending from ∼100 keV up to ∼2 MeV, observed by Wind in the Earth's distant (∼65 R E ) foreshock. The ion gyrophases seen were nearly constant during periods when the distance to the shock contact point could be expected to vary by several R E , when there was no significant wave activity. At times the distributions had two peaks ∼180° apart in gyrophase. These were consistent with a remotely‐sensed energetic ion foreshock region having a thickness <2 gyroradii (∼1.5 R E for 0.5 MeV protons with pitch‐angle α = 30°). In this picture, gaps in phase space would correspond to particles with guiding centers outside of the energetic foreshock region. Similar observations over a decade of energies (100 keV–2 MeV) suggest that the region thickness scales with gyroradius. According to this interpretation, we have determined a rough range of geometries for which energetic particle production is favored. (Eg., θ B n ∼70–80° for 500 keV ions with α = 30°.)
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".