Postoperative Pain And Medication Use: Single Versus Double Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament (acl) Reconstruction
Bibliographic record
Abstract
PURPOSE: Several studies have compared clinical outcomes for double and single bundle ACL reconstructions. However, little is known about immediate post-operative outcomes such as patient pain and medication use. The purpose was to obtain preliminary data on pain levels and medication use during the first 14 days post-operative between patients having a single versus double bundle hamstring tendon ACL reconstruction. METHODS: Two groups: (1) Single-bundle(S) - patients enrolled in a randomized clinical trial investigating post-operative immobilization following single-bundle ACL reconstruction and (2) Double-bundle(D) - a consecutive series of patients receiving a double-bundle ACL reconstruction. Visual analog scores (VAS) were recorded (0mm = no pain to 100mm = worst pain) at: 8am and 8pm for the first two days and 5pm for days 3-14 postoperative. Patients also recorded the type of medication consumed and time of consumption. Patients in both groups were not braced post-operatively. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients (19 male, 12 female) with a mean (SD) age of 29.2 (5.9) years underwent single bundle reconstruction and 17 patients (10 males, 7 female) with a mean (SD) age of 24.3 (8.8) years had a double bundle reconstruction. Pain scores were lower for the single bundle group at all intervals during the first 14 days post-operative except the evening of surgery, Day 9 and Day 11 (Mean (SD): S=31.4 (21.1); 26.4 (20.9); 21.9 (18.9), respectively and D=30.4 (23.3); 21.3 (19.3); 20.7 (15.2), respectively). The greatest mean difference in pain scores between groups were seen on Day 1am (mean difference=12.4; p=0.050, 95% CI -0.023, 24.9) and on Day 2am (mean difference=12.6; p=0.076, 95% CI -1.39, 26.8). Regardless of procedure, the greatest pain was Day 1pm (mean (SD): S=50.9 (21.2) and D=53.4 (20.1); mean difference=2.5; p=0.701, 95% CI -10.2, 15.1). With respect to medication use: oral and injectable opioids, NSAIDs, and acetaminophen consumption were similar between the two groups at all intervals. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggested that patients who had double bundle ACL reconstruction had higher pain levels during the first 14 days post-operative than patients who had single bundle ACL reconstruction. Despite the higher pain levels, medication consumption was similar between the two groups.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".