$D$-Band Total Power Radiometer Performance Optimization in an SiGe HBT Technology
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
A D-band SiGe HBT total power radiometer is reported with a peak responsivity of 28 MV/W, a noise equivalent power (NEP) of 14-18 fW/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> , and a temperature resolution better than 0.35 K for an integration time of 3.125 ms. The 1/f noise corner of the radiometer is lower than 200 Hz. Fabricated in a developmental technology with 270-GHz f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> and 330-GHz/max, it includes a five-stage low-noise amplifier (LNA) with 4-7-GHz bandwidth and over 35 dB of gain centered at 165 GHz, along with a square-law detector with an NEP below 6 pW/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> up to 170 GHz. An average system noise temperature of 1645 K is obtained using the Y-factor method and a noise bandwidth of 10 GHz calculated from the measured S21(f) characteristics of the radiometer. The reduced 1/f noise corner frequency in the presence of the amplifier, compared to that of the detector, appears to indicate that, unlike in III-V radiometers, LNA gain fluctuations are not a problem in SiGe HBT radiometers. The circuit consumes 95 mW and occupies 765 × 490 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Wafer mapping of the radiometer sensitivity and of the amplifier gain was performed across different process splits. The mapping results demonstrate that the radiometer can be employed as a relatively simple and area-efficient transistor noise-measure monitor, useful in SiGe HBT vertical profile optimization.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it