Halide Pitting of Type 316L Stainless Steel—Effect of Electron Beam Remelting
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Pitting studies were conducted on a commercial Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel (COM 316L) and a Type 316L steel refined by electron beam cold hearth remelting (EBCHR) to decrease the inclusion content. The steels were subjected to potentiodynamic polarization pitting tests in 0.6 M sodium bromide (NaBr) and 0.6 M sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions. Pitting morphologies and distributions were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The EBCHR steel (EBCHR 316L) exhibited a much lower pitting density than COM 316L, with no significant improvement in pitting potential, in both halide solutions. Also, the fewer pits on EBCHR 316L were generally larger and/or more open than on COM 316L, causing the overall beneficial effects of EBCHR refining on pitting to be questionable. The bromide solution tended to produce a lower mean pitting potential than chloride for each steel condition and produced larger numbers of small crystallographic pits on COM 316L. Pitting sites and adsorption of halide ions are discussed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".