Increasing the Detection Rate of Normal Fetal Cardiac Structures: A Real-Time Approach
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine if acquiring real-time sweeps of the fetal heart would be a more effective method of identifying normal cardiac structures compared with using static images during routine second-trimester obstetric sonograms. Subjects were scanned using three different techniques. The static image acquisition (protocol A) included three images of the fetal heart. Protocol B used two gray-scale sweeps through the fetal heart. Protocol C acquired three color loops of the fetal heart. The sweeps demonstrated a complete normal cardiac assessment in 71% of studies, compared with the static image and color Doppler techniques that completed a normal cardiac assessment in only 39% of studies, respectively. The real-time technique detected four chambers, the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), the LVOT/RVOT crossover, and size and axis of the heart with a greater frequency than the static images and color loops in all cases. In addition, the real-time technique was able to demonstrate the pulmonary veins in 56% of cases compared with 3.6% for static images. The color Doppler acquisition demonstrated blood flow through the atrial-ventricular and semilunar valves in 86% of cases.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.009 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".