Decadal variations in Labrador Sea ice cover and North Atlantic sea surface temperatures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The spatial and temporal evolution of winter sea ice anomalies in the Labrador Sea and associated sea surface temperature (SST) variations in the North Atlantic are documented for three periods of above‐normal ice cover: 1972–1974, 1983–1985, and 1990–1992. These events are notable for their winter‐to‐winter persistence, despite the fact that the ice margin retreats to northern Baffin Bay each summer, and for their spatial evolution, progressing from the northern Labrador Sea to the southern tip of Newfoundland over a 3 year period. Above‐normal sea ice is consistently accompanied by below‐normal SSTs in the subpolar Atlantic: the latter persist 1–3 years after the decay of the ice anomalies and in some cases exhibit a tendency for eastward movement across the gyre. Spring–summer freshwater anomalies at 100 m depth in the West Greenland Current are found to precede by ∼8 months the initial occurrence of above‐normal ice cover in the northern Labrador Sea. The role of atmospheric forcing in the joint evolution of anomalous sea ice and SST is assessed by means of an ice‐ocean mixed layer model forced with observed air temperature and wind fields. The model results indicate that thermodynamic atmospheric forcing accounts for much of the winter‐to‐winter persistence and spatial evolution of the ice and concurrent SST anomaly patterns. However, the subsequent persistence of SST anomalies in the subpolar region is not well simulated, suggesting that oceanic processes omitted from the simple slab mixed layer formulation play a contributing role.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".