CHANGES IN GROWTH, SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS, AND REPRODUCTION OF FATHEAD MINNOWS EXPOSED FOR A LIFE CYCLE TO BLEACHED SULFITE MILL EFFLUENT
Bibliographic record
Abstract
To assess the potential effects of exposure to bleached sulfite mill effluent, long-term fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) exposures were carried out on-site at the pulp mill secondary treatment lagoons. Exposure concentrations included 0, 1, 3, 10, 30, 50, or 100% final effluent, with the synthetic estrogen ethinylestradiol (10 ng/L) as a positive control compound. Fertilized minnow eggs were hatched in effluent and monitored through 140 d posthatch. The effluent produced a significant increase in the growth (length, weight, condition factor) of female fish (but not male fish). Exposure to high effluent concentrations resulted in a majority of fish with female secondary sex characteristics. Male fish with female characteristics and female fish with male sex characteristics were present at effluent concentrations of > or = 30%, but not in fish exposed to control water from the Saint John River. Effluent exposures (> or = 30%) also produced a reduction in the number of fish with testes, and most fish had ovaries when examined internally. A sensitive and meaningful endpoint was a decrease in reproduction. Fish exposed to 1 - 3% effluent produced a similar number of eggs to control fish; however, exposure to 10% effluent reduced egg production by over 80%. Fish exposed for an entire life cycle to > or = 30% effluent failed to produce eggs. The research demonstrates the feasibility and potential usefulness of on-site flow-through fish life-cycle exposures for the assessment of pulp mill final effluents.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".