Snails keep the pace: shift in upper elevation limit on mountain slopes as a response to climate warming
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Predicted biological responses to climate warming are changes in phenology and poleward shifts or upslope displacements of the distribution of species. We investigated changes in the upper elevational limit of the land snail Arianta arbustorum (L., 1758) by repeating historical records from 1916 to 1917 on nine mountain slopes in the Swiss National Park in 2011–2012. We found that the upper elevational limit for snail populations has risen, on average, by 164 m in 95 years, accompanying a 1.6 °C rise in mean annual temperature in the investigation area. The higher temperature results in an upslope shift of the vegetation and in a prolonged activity period of the snails. Upslope extension of snail distribution was not influenced by the inclination of the slope, but it was larger on south-exposed slopes (mean: 233 m) than on north to northeast exposed slopes (122 m). On some slopes we found that the snails have already reached natural barriers (vertical rock walls with no soil), preventing any farther upward dispersal. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence for an invertebrate species with low dispersal capacity ascending to higher elevations in a mountain area in response to climate warming.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".