Animal Dispersal Dynamics Promoting Dioecy over Hermaphroditism
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Because of the separation of sexual function to male and female individuals, dioecious species have fewer pollen and seed bearers and thus experience disadvantages due to increased aggregation of reproductive function. Because of this disadvantage, models predict that dioecious females must have substantially more than twice the fecundity of hermaphrodites, yet empirical data suggest that female fecundity advantages are commonly much lower. Here, we incorporate animal foraging dynamics--and the heightened dispersal of seeds that may accompany increases in fecundity of dioecious females--into a spatially explicit mathematical model. We focus on the competition for germination sites with varying seed production, seed dispersal ability, and mortality, and we find that preferential foraging on dioecious females reduces the stringent fecundity requirements of dioecy to values in accordance with empirical estimates. This finding contributes to our understanding of the correlation between dioecy and fleshy fruits and highlights the importance of mutualist dispersers to dioecious species.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".