CT of the Bronchopulmonary Veins in Patients With Superior Vena Cava or Left Brachiocephalic Vein Obstruction
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to show the arrangement and connections of the bronchopulmonary veins (i.e., vessels draining the bronchi, bronchioles, and pleura in patients with chronic superior vena cava (SVC) or left brachiocephalic vein (LBCV) obstruction using CT. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Contrast-enhanced CT scans of the chest of 16 patients with chronic SVC or LBCV obstruction were analyzed retrospectively. Scans were acquired using various standard protocols. The mean age of the patients (10 men and six women) was 63 years (range, 41-86 years). The causes of obstruction were malignancy (7/16, 44%), catheter-related thrombosis (7/16, 44%), chronic fibrosing mediastinitis (1/16, 6%), and unknown (1/16, 6%). RESULTS: The following sites were obstructed: SVC (9/16, 56%), SVC below the azygos vein (4/16, 25%), and lower LBCV (3/16, 19%). The bronchopulmonary veins were opacified via the brachiocephalic, azygos, or accessory hemiazygos veins or their branches. We observed long vessels that could be traced along the lateral mediastinum or alongside the trachea and central bronchi to their termination in the central pulmonary veins from the level of the ostia to segmental divisions. These vessels intercommunicated and gave rise to smaller veins contiguous with the walls of the bronchi and pulmonary arteries. The pulmonary venous connections of the bronchopulmonary veins were more frequent with the lower lobe pulmonary veins. Pericardial and esophageal veins were also opacified through the brachiocephalic or azygos veins and anastomosed commonly with the bronchopulmonary veins. CONCLUSION: The arrangement and connections of the bronchopulmonary veins in patients with chronic SVC or LBCV obstruction can be depicted by CT; these vessels form an intricate network connecting the systemic and pulmonary venous circulations and can act as systemic-pulmonary shunts.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it