Inactivation of <i>Giardia</i> Cysts and <i>Cryptosporidium</i> Oocysts in Beef Feedlot Manure By Thermophilic Windrow Composting
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Effects of composting manure on viability of Giardia cysts (GC) and Cryptosporidium cysts (CO) were determined in a two-year study with manure from feedlot cattle bedded on barley straw or woodchips. Each year, manure was deposited in 8 m × 2.5 m × 2 m windrows (one per bedding type) on a sheltered concrete pad. On day 0, porous bags containing 100 g of feces from confirmed Giardia- and Cryptosporidium-positive cattle (9 bags per retrieval day in Year 1; 3 per day in Year 2) were implanted in the windrows. Replicate bags were placed on the concrete pads as uncomposted controls. Windrow temperature and water content were measured and compost was turned mechanically twice each week. Fecal bags were retrieved and subsampled for enumerations of total and viable cysts and cysts after 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 17, 24 and 31 days in 1998 and after 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 16, 23, 30, 42, 56, 70 and 98 days in 1999. Windrow temperatures (TEMP) exceeded 55°C during the fourth week of composting, and remained above 50°C for 4 wk thereafter in 1999. Bedding material did not affect overall mean temperature in either year, but TEMP was higher with straw than with woodchip from day 10 to day 17 in 1998 (P < 0.05) and on day 16 and day 42 in 1999 (P < 0.10). In 1998, moisture content decreased from 62.2 to 43.2% during composting of woodchip manure and from 67.3 to 39.3% during composting of straw manure. In 1999, moisture content decreased from 61.0 to 31.8% for woodchip and from 64.5 to 28.6% for straw compost. Percentage of viable CO declined gradually over the 31 days in 1998. The following year revealed a rapid decline in viability of GC and CO once compost temperature exceeded 55°C and viabilities of GC and CO were reduced to zero after 42 days (straw compost) and after 56 days (woodchip compost). Exposure of CO and GC to temperatures > 55°C for a period of 15 days appears to be an effective method of inactivating Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium cysts in feedlot manure.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it